![]() ![]() BW is a strong predictor of future health outcomes and human capital attainment. The lower BW of infants with CL/P compared with unaffected infants highlights a potential pathway for several of the aforementioned effects of CL/P later in life. During adulthood, CL/P are associated with reduced education, lower marriage rates, poorer economic performance, increased inpatient mental-health admissions, and higher mortality and suicide risks. Later in childhood and adolescence, CL/P increase speech problems and behavioral risks due to dissatisfaction with facial appearance and speech. CL/P also increase infant mortality risks especially in less developed countries. CL/P result in feeding problems and ear infections, require surgical interventions, and increase hospitalizations. Infants with CL/P have twice as large risk for low birth weight (<2500 grams) as unaffected infants and have lower birth weight by more than 100 and 600 grams with isolated and non-isolated clefts, respectively. CL/P are commonly classified into isolated forms without other malformations, and non-isolated forms that involve other malformations.ĬL/P impose large burdens on health and wellbeing throughout life. Much of the complex genetic and environmental etiology remains unknown, hindering primary prevention. In the United States, more than 7000 infants are born with CL/P each year. Cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) are common and burdensome birth defects with a worldwide prevalence of 1 affected birth in 500–2,500 births depending on ancestry and socioeconomic status. ![]()
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